ECOL 8750 / WILD 8750: Endangered Species Practicum

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses the citation style Journal of Wildlife Management for in-text citations and references in 5-year species reviews. This guide gives you some common items you may run across needing to cite in your 5-year species review. Below is the full author guidelines for JWM style that may be of use, as well.

Example of in-text citations (examples taken from Austin Community College):

As each source is mentioned in the text, list the name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication in parentheses. Page numbers are not added.

• One author or editor: (Wong 2006)
• Two authors: (Fasulo and Walker 2007)
• Three or more authors: (Bormann et al. 2007)
• Organization as author: (American Dietetic Association 2006)
• No author? Use title: (Cool energy; the renewable solution to global warming 1991)
• No date? Use "[date unknown].": (Texas endemics: distribution of family Amaryllidaceae [date unknown])

Placement of the parentheses depends on whether you use the author's name in your text:

Prokaryotic cells, the bacteria, number in the tens of thousands of species (Prescott 1992).
or
Prescott (1992) notes that prokaryotes occur in nearly every earthly environment, including on plant roots.

Peer-reviewed journal articles. General format is as follows:

ONE AUTHOR:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. Year. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume number(issue number): pages. 

TWO AUTHORS: 

First Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if present)., and First Initial. Second initial (if present).Second Author Surname. Year. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume number(issue number):pages. 

EXAMPLE:

Lyons, E., and J. Antonovics. 1991. Breeding system evolution in Breeding system evolution in Leavenworthia: breeding system variation and reproductive success in natural populations of Leavenworthia crassa (Cruciferae). American Journal of Botany 78:270-287.

MULTIPLE AUTHORS:

First Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial (if present)., First Initial. Second Initial (if present). Second Author Surname, & First Initial. Second Initial (if present). Third Author Surname. Year. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume number(issue number): pages.

EXAMPLE:

Maslo, B., K. Leu, T. Pover, M. A. Weston, B. L. Gilby, and T. A. Schlacher. 2019. Optimizing conservation benefits for threatened beach fauna following severe natural disturbances. Science of the Total Environment 649:661-671.

Conference Proceedings. General format is as follows: 

Dickson, J. G. 1978. Forest bird communities of the bottomland hardwoods. Pages 66–73 in Proceedings of workshop on management of southern forests for nongame birds. R. M. DeGraaf, technical coordinator. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report SE-14, Washington, D.C., USA.

Presentations. General format is as follows:

First Author Surname, First Author Initial. Year. Title of presentation. Presentation by First Name Last Name, Organization at Month, Day, Year conference on Conference Name, City, State.

EXAMPLE:

Abouelezz, H. 2013. The bright side of Sandy: shorebirds, habitat, and hurricanes on NPS Rockaway beaches. Presentation by Hanem Abouelezz, National Park Service at October 17, 2013 conference on Urban Resilience in an Era of Climate Change: Global Input for Local Solutions, Brooklyn, New York.

Government publications such as bulletins and reports.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Lull, H. W. 1968. A forest atlas of the Northeast. U.S. Forest Service, Northeast Forest and Experiment Station, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, USA.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS: PART OF A NUMBERED SERIES

Anderson, D. R. 1975. Population ecology of the mallard: V. Temporal and geographic estimates of survival, recovery, and harvest rates. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 125, Washington, D.C., USA.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS: AGENCY AS AUTHOR

National Research Council. 1977. Nutrient requirements of poultry. Seventh edition. National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., USA.

Note: Cite in text as National Research Council (1977) or parenthetically as (National Research Council 1977).
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS: UNPUBLISHED 

Cuthbert, F. J. and Roche, E. A. (2006). Piping plover breeding biology and management in the Great Lakes. Unpublished report submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, East Lansing, Michigan.

If you are dealing with a source that is authored by an agency, and you have multiple sources by the same agency, your first reference should use the complete agency name [abbreviation]. The next reference using this agency as author can be abbreviated. 

EXAMPLE:

United States Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS]. 2001. Final determination of critical habitat for the Great Lakes breeding population of the piping plover. Federal Register 66(88):22938-69.

USFWS. 2003. Recovery plan for the Great Lakes piping plover (Charadrius melodus). Fort Snelling, Minnesota.

Theses and Dissertations. These are the general guidelines: 

Breitwisch, R. J. 1977. The ecology and behavior of the red-bellied woodpecker, Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus; Aves: Picidae), in south Florida. Thesis, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.

Tacha, T. C. 1981. Behavior and taxonomy of sandhill cranes from mid-continental North America. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA.

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS: UNPUBLISHED

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree. 

Correspondence, Electronic Communications, and Conversations

Last name, First Initial. Second Initial. Year. Title of individual, Organization, Department. Type of correspondence. Month Day, Year.

EXAMPLE:

Ekstrum, J. 2014. Wildlife Biologist, United States Forest Service, Rapid River Ranger District, Hiawatha National Forest. Email correspondence, April 4, 2014.

Since we typically use a lot of reports from the same author (or agency) this is how you can deal with those citations: 

USFWS. 2009a. Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Hadley, Massachusetts and East Lansing, Michigan.

USFWS. 2009b. Revised designation of critical habitat for the wintering population of the Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) in Texas. Federal Register 74:23476-23524.

In-text: (USFWS 2009a) or (USFWS 2009a, 2009b)

Websites. General format is as follows:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]. 2005. National Weather Service internet services team. Monthly precipitation for Reno, Nevada. <http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/ hydrology/monthly_precip.php>. Accessed 23 Aug 2005.

In-text would look like that of a journal, book etc. (NOAA 2005).

*Date of publication for websites can sometimes be hard to locate, look for fine print towards the end of the page or column of information. If there is still no date, usually it is okay to skip this field, but be sure to provide access date. 

In text for this situation would look like: (USFWS accessed 22 Sep 2021)