HIST 2701 - Levine: Writing and Citing

Used in: Humanities and Social Sciences

The Chicago Manual of Style offers two very different methods of citation: the notes and bibliography system and the author-date system. You should always check with your instructor or publisher to find out which style you should use.

The notes and bibliography system is preferred by many working in the humanities, including literature, history, and the arts. In the notes and bibliography system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography.

The author-date system is generally used in the social sciences. In the author-date system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided.

For more information about these two different systems, see: Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

 The Chicago Manual of Style (full manual online)

• The Chicago Manual of Style (Purdue OWL)

While each professor may have a different preference for what information they expect in a citation, you can use this as a general guide.

In the body of the text
Refer to the work of art using the following format: Author, Title (Figure #). 
Assign figure numbers in order as each new image is first referenced in the text. 

At the end of the text
(Figure #)
Artist Name, Title of Work, Date Created.
Material or Medium, Dimensions of Work.
Repository or Owner, City or Country of Origin, Repository Accession Number.

Refer back to this section of the Chicago Manual of Style to learn more about citing images and artwork.